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Many of our reviews are summarised in Cochrane Clinical Answers: Skin disorders

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Cochrane Skin titles categorised by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) diagnostic index

Status	Stage
New Updated	Protocol Review

• Anti-TNF agents for paediatric psoriasis
• Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis
• Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles
• Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema
• Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris
• Computer-assisted diagnosis techniques (dermoscopy and spectroscopy-based) for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
• Dermoscopy, with and without visual inspection, for diagnosing melanoma in adults
• Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema
• Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema
• Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants
• Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus
• Educational and psychological interventions for managing atopic dermatitis (eczema)
• Emollients and moisturisers for eczema
• Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing basal cell carcinoma and other skin cancers in adults
• Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash
• H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria
• High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
• Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria
• House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema
• Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings
• Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis
• Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma
• Interventions for acne scars
• Interventions for actinic keratoses
• Interventions for alopecia areata
• Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
• Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)
• Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
• Interventions for bullous pemphigoid
• Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas
• Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
• Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
• Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
• Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
• Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
• Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
• Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites
• Interventions for erythema nodosum leprosum
• Interventions for female pattern hair loss
• Interventions for hand eczema
• Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa
• Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)
• Interventions for hyperhidrosis
• Interventions for impetigo
• Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
• Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)
• Interventions for ingrowing toenails
• Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa
• Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna
• Interventions for melasma
• Interventions for morphea
• Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
• Interventions for mycosis fungoides
• Interventions for nail psoriasis
• Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults
• Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
• Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
• Interventions for pityriasis rosea
• Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
• Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis
• Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips)
• Interventions for rosacea
• Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis
• Interventions for toxic epidermal necrolysis
• Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips)
• Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
• Interventions for vitiligo
• Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema
• Laser and photoepilation for unwanted hair growth
• Lasers or light sources for treating port-wine stains
• Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema
• Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis
• Light therapies for acne
• Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety
• Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad-band ultraviolet B or psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy for psoriasis
• Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma
• Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis
• Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
• Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis
• Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema
• Oral fumaric acid esters for psoriasis
• Oral H1 antihistamines as monotherapy for eczema
• Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add-on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema
• Oral isotretinoin for acne
• Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis
• Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot
• Phototherapy for atopic eczema
• Probiotics for treating eczema
• Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children
• Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults
• Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults
• Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
• Screening for reducing morbidity and mortality in malignant melanoma
• Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by lymph node dissection for localised primary cutaneous melanoma
• Serious adverse events associated with systemic treatments for psoriasis: a network meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials
• Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy
• Smartphone applications for triaging adults with skin lesions that are suspicious for melanoma
• Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema
• Statins and fibrates for preventing melanoma
• Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema
• Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers
• Surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma
• Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit
• Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children
• Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome
• Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews
• Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis
• Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
• Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma
• Teledermatology for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
• Tests to assist in the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a generic protocol
• Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails
• Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp
• Topical anti-inflammatory treatments for eczema: network meta-analysis
• Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis
• Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
• Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne
• Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne
• Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus
• Topical pimecrolimus for eczema
• Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis
• Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
• Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing
• Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
• Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
• Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot.
• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
• Topical Vitamin A, or its derivatives, for treating and preventing napkin dermatitis in infants
• Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis
• Ultrasound, CT, MRI, or PET-CT for staging and re-staging of adults with cutaneous melanoma
• Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings
• Visual inspection and dermoscopy, alone or in combination, for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults
• Visual inspection for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults
• Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?

• A. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AFFECTING THE SKIN (54)
  • A0 Skin diseases caused by viruses: e.g.viral warts, herpes simplex (cold sores), herpes zoster (shingles), molluscum contagiosum; and diseases of suspected viral origin eg piytriasis rosea (26)
    • 1. Preventive measures (1)
      • - reduction of transmission (1)
        • Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips)
    • 2. Medical treatments (19)
      • topical treatments (10)
        • - sunscreen (1)
          • Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips)
        • - topical antivirals (1)
          • Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips)
        • - topical irritants (1)
          • Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
        • - topical keratolytic agents (e.g. wart paints) (2)
          • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
          • Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
        • - retinoids (0)
        • - intralesional bleomycin (1)
          • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
        • - antihistamines (1)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
        • - corticosteroids (1)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
        • - emollients (1)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
        • - antiseptics (1)
          • Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
      • systemic treatments (7)
        • - immunotherapy (1)
          • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
        • - high dose cimetidine (1)
          • Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
        • - retinoids (0)
        • - antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir) (2)
          • Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
        • - corticosteroids (1)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
        • - tricyclic antidepressants (0)
        • -antihistamines (1)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
        • -antibacterials (1)
          • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
      • phototherapies (2)
        • Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips)
        • Interventions for pityriasis rosea
    • 3. Surgical procedures (5)
      • - cryotherapy (freezing) (2)
        • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
        • Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
      • - cautery (1)
        • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
      • - surgical excision (1)
        • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
      • - laser therapy (1)
        • Topical treatments for cutaneous warts
      • - phenol (0)
    • 4. Alternative/complementary treatments eg hypnosis for warts (1)
      • - Homeopathic (1)
        • Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum
  • A20 Skin diseases caused by bacteria: e.g. impetigo, boils, folliculitis, cellulitis (Liaison with Cochrane Wounds Group for bacterial wound infections) (14)
    • 1. Preventive (2)
      • - vaccination (0)
      • - reduction of transmission (0)
      • anti-inflammatory prophylaxis (1)
        • Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis
      • antibiotic prophylaxis (1)
        • Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis
    • 2. Medical treatments (10)
      • - topical antiseptics (2)
        • Interventions for impetigo
        • Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)
      • - topical antibiotics (2)
        • Interventions for impetigo
        • Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)
      • - systemic antibiotics (4)
        • Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas
        • Interventions for impetigo
        • Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults
        • Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)
      • - alternative/complementary treatments (1)
        • Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)
      • -adjuvant therapies (e.g. iv immunoglobulin) (1)
        • Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults
    • 3. Surgical procedures (2)
      • - incision and drainage (1)
        • Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)
      • -debridement (1)
        • Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults
  • A30-31 Leprosy and its complications (2)
    • Interventions for erythema nodosum leprosum
    • Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
  • A32-35 Tuberculosis and related infections of the skin: e.g.lupus vulgaris, atypical mycobacterial infection (fish tank granuloma etc) (0)
    • 1. Preventive (0)
      • - reduction of transmission (0)
    • 2. Medical treatments (0)
      • - antibiotic therapy (0)
    • 3. Surgical (0)
      • - Excision (0)
  • A5 Skin diseases caused by fungi, e.g. candidosis (thrush), dermatophytosis (ringworm) (9)
    • 1. Preventive (0)
      • - reduction of transmission : e.g. for tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) (0)
    • 2. Medical treatments (8)
      • - topical antifungal agents (3)
        • Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails
        • Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot.
        • Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis
      • - topical corticosteroid/antifungal preparations (1)
        • Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails
      • - oral antifungal agents (4)
        • Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children
        • Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot
        • Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis
        • Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis
      • - alternative/complementary treatments (0)
    • 3. Surgical treatments (0)
      • 3. Surgical treatments (0)
    • 4. Device-based treatments (1)
      • Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails
  • A6 Skin diseases caused by parasites e.g. scabies, head lice, onchocerciasis (2)
    • Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis
    • Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
  • A7 Dermatoses due to Hymenoptera (1)
    • Prevention (1)
      • immunotherapy (1)
        • Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings
  • A70 Dermatoses due to Insecta (0)
    • A7000 Mosquito bites (0)
      • protective measures (0)
• B. SKIN CONDITIONS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL OR PHYSICAL INJURY (9)
  • B1 Pressure sores (0)
    • Please refer to Cochrane Wounds Group (0)
  • B2 Tattoos (0)
    • 1. Preventive measures (0)
    • 2. Removal (0)
      • - surgical (0)
      • - laser (0)
  • B5 Skin conditions caused or provoked by sunlight and ultraviolet radiation e.g. actinic (solar) keratoses, polymorphic light eruption, sun-induced skin ageing, photosensitivity dermatitis. Skin cancer is considered separately in sections X1 to X4. (8)
    • 1. Preventive measures (0)
      • - public education campaigns (0)
      • sunscreens (0)
    • 2. Medical treatments (8)
      • - Resurfacing techniques (2)
        • Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
        • Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing
      • - topical and oral corticosteroids (0)
      • - betacarotene for porphyrias (0)
      • - 5-fluoruracil (2)
        • Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
        • Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing
      • - topical and systemic retinoids (1)
        • Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing
      • - phototherapy, photochemotherapy (PUVA) (0)
      • - immunosuppressants (0)
      • - immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory agents (0)
      • - azathioprine or cyclosporin for photosensitivity dermatitis (0)
      • - antioxidants (0)
      • - hydroxy acids (1)
        • Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing
      • - combinations of the above (0)
      • - natural polysaccharides (0)
      • - Imiquimod (2)
        • Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
        • Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing
    • 3. Surgical procedures (0)
  • Cosmetic problems (1)
    • Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles
• C. DERMATITIS AND ECZEMA (53)
  • C1 Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, childhood eczema) (32)
    • 1. Preventive measures (6)
      • - dietary (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group) (1)
        • Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema
      • - reduction in airborne allergen exposure e.g. house dust mite (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group and Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (0)
      • - use of emollients (moisturisers) (2)
        • Emollients and moisturisers for eczema
        • Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy
      • - prevention of subsequent asthma in children with atopic dermatitis cetirizine (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group) (2)
        • Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children
        • Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy
      • - probiotics (1)
        • Probiotics for treating eczema
    • 2. Medical Treatments (26)
      • Topical treatments (creams/ointments applied directly to the skin) (4)
        • - emollients (0)
        • - topical corticosteroids (1)
          • Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema
        • - tar preparations (0)
        • - impregnated bandages (tar, ichthammol etc) and "wet wraps" (0)
        • - corticosteroid/antibiotic combinations (0)
        • - calcineurin inhibitors (2)
          • Topical pimecrolimus for eczema
          • Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis
        • -traditional chinese herbs (1)
          • Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema
      • Systemic treatments (12)
        • - leukotriene receptor antagonists (2)
          • Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema
          • Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
        • - phototherapy, photochemotherapy (2)
          • Phototherapy for atopic eczema
          • Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
        • - azathioprine (1)
          • Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
        • - cyclosporin (1)
          • Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
        • - antihistamines (2)
          • Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add-on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema
          • Oral H1 antihistamines as monotherapy for eczema
        • - evening primrose oil and borage oil (1)
          • Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema
        • - traditional chinese herbs (1)
          • Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema
        • -immunomodulatory agents (1)
          • Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
        • -oral corticosteroids (1)
          • Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis
      • Other approaches (10)
        • - reduction in environmental allergens (1)
          • House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema
        • - topical and systemic antimicrobial therapy (0)
        • - dietary approaches (2)
          • Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema
          • Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema
        • - psychological and educational approaches (e.g. habit reversal, hypnosis) (3)
          • Educational and psychological interventions for managing atopic dermatitis (eczema)
          • House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema
          • Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children
        • - desensitisation (1)
          • Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema
        • - reduction of S aureus (1)
          • Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema
        • - combinations of the above (2)
          • House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema
          • Interventions for hand eczema
        • complementary & alternative medicines (0)
  • C2-C5 "Constitutional" Dermatitis e.g. seborrhoeic dermatitis (including dandruff, otitis externa), discoid eczema, pompholyx (14)
    • 1. Prevention (0)
      • - use of soap substitutes (0)
    • 2. Medical treatments (14)
      • - topical corticosteroids and combinations with other agents (3)
        • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
        • Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp
        • Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)
      • - potassium permanganate and other astringents (0)
      • - antifungal agents (2)
        • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
        • Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)
      • - topical lithium (1)
        • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
      • - keratolytic shampoos (1)
        • Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)
      • - antibiotic therapy (0)
      • - superficial radiotherapy (0)
      • - phototherapy and photochemotherapy (1)
        • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
      • - combinations of the above (2)
        • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
        • Interventions for hand eczema
      • -calcineurin inhibitors (4)
        • - topical tacrolimus (2)
          • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
          • Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp
        • -topical pimecrolimus (2)
          • Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis
          • Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp
  • C6-C8 Contact Dermatitis (allergic or irritant) e.g. nickel dermatitis, occupational hand dermatitis, "nappy rash" or "diaper rash". (6)
    • 1. Preventive measures (4)
      • - modification of work practices (1)
        • Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis
      • - removal of allergens/irritants from home or work environment or from diet (nickel) (0)
      • - disposable nappies (1)
        • Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants
      • - protective clothing (e.g. gloves) (1)
        • Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis
      • - barrier creams (1)
        • Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis
      • - occupational health screening for individuals at high risk of dermatitis (0)
      • - soap substitutes (0)
    • 2. Medical treatments (2)
      • Topical treatments (1)
        • - emollients (0)
        • - topical corticosteroids (0)
        • - corticosteroid/antibiotic combinations (0)
        • - superficial radiotherapy (0)
        • - topical vitamin A or derivatives (1)
          • Topical Vitamin A, or its derivatives, for treating and preventing napkin dermatitis in infants
      • Systemic treatments (0)
        • - systemic corticosteroids (0)
        • - azathioprine (0)
        • - cyclosporin (0)
        • - phototherapy, photochemotherapy (0)
        • - traditional chinese herbs (0)
      • - combinations of the above (1)
        • Interventions for hand eczema
  • C9-CE Other eczematous reactions e.g. venous eczema (liaison with Cochrane Wounds Group), asteatotic dermatitis (1)
    • 1. Prevention (1)
      • - emollients (1)
        • Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings
    • 2. Medical treatment (0)
      • - emollients (including bath additives) (0)
      • - impregnated bandages (0)
      • - topical corticosteroids (0)
• D. PSORIASIS AND OTHER KERATINISING DISORDERS (53)
  • D1 Psoriasis (53)
    • 1. Preventive measures (1)
      • - reduction or cessation of tobacco smoking and/or alcohol consumption (liaison with Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group) (0)
      • - stress reduction programmes (0)
      • - antistreptococcal interventions (tonsillectomy, antibiotics) (1)
        • Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis
    • 2. Medical treatments (47)
      • Topical treatments (30)
        • - emollients (1)
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
        • - occlusion (0)
        • - salicylic acid (2)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
        • - tar preparations (2)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
        • - anthralin (dithranol) (3)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
        • - topical corticosteroids (6)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Interventions for nail psoriasis
        • - vitamin D analogues (3)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
          • Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis
        • - tacrolimus (2)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
        • - topical retinoids (4)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis
        • - combinations of the above (3)
          • Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
        • Balneophototherapy (1)
          • Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis
        • photochemotherapy (3)
          • Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad-band ultraviolet B or psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy for psoriasis
          • Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
      • Systemic treatments (17)
        • - biologics (2)
          • Anti-TNF agents for paediatric psoriasis
          • Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis
        • - phototherapy (3)
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis
          • Interventions for nail psoriasis
        • - photochemotherapy (1)
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
        • - methotrexate (1)
          • Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis
        • - cyclosporin (2)
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis
        • - hydroxyurea (0)
        • - systemic retinoids (3)
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Interventions for nail psoriasis
        • - oral Vitamin D analogues (0)
        • - fumarates (1)
          • Oral fumaric acid esters for psoriasis
        • - combinations of the above (2)
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
        • - antibiotics (1)
          • Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis
        • Serious adverse events (1)
          • Serious adverse events associated with systemic treatments for psoriasis: a network meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials
      • Alternative/complementary treatments (0)
        • - psychological approaches (0)
        • - dietary fish supplements (0)
        • - Chinese herbs (0)
        • - balneotherapy including spa waters and Dead Sea therapy (0)
        • - laser therapy (0)
        • - combinations of the above (0)
    • Lifestyle Changes (5)
      • Alcohol abstinence (1)
        • Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis
      • Dietary modification (1)
        • Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis
      • Exercise (1)
        • Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis
      • Smoking cessation (1)
        • Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis
      • Weight reduction (1)
        • Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis
• E. PAPULOSQUAMOUS DISORDERS INCLUDING LICHEN PLANUS; (4)
  • E0 Lichen planus (4)
    • - topical corticosteroids (1)
      • Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites
    • - systemic corticosteroids (1)
      • Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites
    • - cyclosporin (1)
      • Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites
    • - photochemotherapy (1)
      • Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites
  • E6 Granuloma annulare (0)
    • - intralesional corticosteroids (0)
    • - cutaneous injury including cryotherapy (0)
    • - nicotinamide (0)
  • E8 Cutaneous sarcoidosis (0)
    • - topical and intralesional corticosteroids (0)
    • - antimalarial therapy (0)
    • - methotrexate (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group) (0)
• G. DISORDERS OF SKIN COLOUR (14)
  • G1 Increased skin pigmentation e.g. melasma (chloasma, mask of pregnancy) (4)
    • - topical sunscreens (liaison with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group for preventing melasma in pregnancy) (1)
      • Interventions for melasma
    • - azelaic acid (1)
      • Interventions for melasma
    • - topical hydroquinone (1)
      • Interventions for melasma
    • - topical retinoids (1)
      • Interventions for melasma
  • G6 Decreased skin pigmentation e.g. vitiligo (leucoderma (9)
    • 1. Medical treatments (8)
      • - phototherapy (psoralen + sunlight, photochemotherapy) (1)
        • Interventions for vitiligo
      • - topical treatments (6)
        • - topical steroids (1)
          • Interventions for vitiligo
        • - intralesional steroids (1)
          • Interventions for vitiligo
        • - topical calcipotriol (1)
          • Interventions for vitiligo
        • - tacrolimus (1)
          • Interventions for vitiligo
        • - khellin (1)
          • Interventions for vitiligo
        • - pseudocatalase (1)
          • Interventions for vitiligo
      • - systemic treatments (1)
        • Interventions for vitiligo
    • 2. Surgical treatments (1)
      • - skin transplants (1)
        • Interventions for vitiligo
  • 3. Complementary therapies (1)
    • Interventions for vitiligo
• F. URTICARIA AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDERS (6)
  • F1-F9 Urticaria (hives) and angio-oedema (2)
    • - dietary measures (0)
    • - oral H1 antihistamines (1)
      • H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria
    • - oral H2 antihistamines (1)
      • Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria
    • - systemic corticosteroids (0)
    • - cyclosporin (0)
    • - anabolic steroids (for hereditary angio-oedema) (0)
  • FA2-3 Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (4)
    • - systemic corticosteroids (2)
      • Interventions for toxic epidermal necrolysis
      • Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome
    • - prophylactic antiviral therapy (herpes simplex-induced erythema multiforme) (0)
    • - intensive care (toxic epidermal necrolysis) (2)
      • Interventions for toxic epidermal necrolysis
      • Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome
• H. DISORDERS OF SKIN APPENDAGES (HAIR, NAILS, SWEAT GLANDS) (46)
  • H0 Nail disorders (1)
    • - medical treatments such as intralesional corticosteroids (1)
      • - surgical repair (1)
        • Interventions for ingrowing toenails
  • H10 Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) (4)
    • 1. Non-medical treatments (3)
      • - electrolysis (1)
        • Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)
      • - bleaching (1)
        • Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)
      • - laser hair removal (1)
        • Laser and photoepilation for unwanted hair growth
    • 2. Medical treatments (1)
      • - hormonal therapy ie anti-androgens such as spironolactone, cyproterone acetate (liaison with Cochrane Menstrual Disorders Group) (1)
        • Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)
  • H12 Hair loss e.g. alopecia areata ("alopecia"), androgenic alopecia (male-pattern balding) (8)
    • 1. Medical treatments (8)
      • - systemic corticosteroids (2)
        • Interventions for alopecia areata
        • Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis
      • - topical immunotherapy (e.g. diphencyprone) (2)
        • Interventions for alopecia areata
        • Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis
      • - hormonal therapy (anti-androgens) (1)
        • Interventions for female pattern hair loss
      • - minoxidil (3)
        • Interventions for alopecia areata
        • Interventions for female pattern hair loss
        • Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis
    • 2. Surgical treatments (0)
      • - hair transplant (0)
      • - scalp reduction (0)
  • H3 Acne (25)
    • Topical treatments (13)
      • - benzoyl peroxide (2)
        • Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • - topical retinoids (1)
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • - topical antibiotics (1)
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • - azelaic acid (2)
        • Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • - adapalene (1)
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • - combinations of the above (0)
      • -nicotinamide (2)
        • Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • -salicylic acid (2)
        • Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
      • -sulphur (2)
        • Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne
        • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
    • Oral treatments (5)
      • - oral antibiotics (2)
        • Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety
        • Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews
      • - oral isotretinoin (2)
        • Oral isotretinoin for acne
        • Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews
      • - hormonal therapy such as anti-androgen therapy (liaison with Cochrane Menstrual Disorders Group) (1)
        • Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews
    • Alternative/complementary treatments (3)
      • Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris
      • Light therapies for acne
      • Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions: which works better to treat acne and its complications?
    • Behavioural treatments (0)
    • Treatment of acne scars (4)
      • - topical retinoids (0)
      • - surgical treatments (including dermabrasion) (1)
        • Interventions for acne scars
      • - laser therapy (1)
        • Interventions for acne scars
      • Cryotherapy (1)
        • Interventions for acne scars
      • Intralesional steroids (1)
        • Interventions for acne scars
  • H4 Rosacea (4)
    • - topical metronidazole (1)
      • Interventions for rosacea
    • - oral antibiotics (1)
      • Interventions for rosacea
    • - oral isotretinoin (1)
      • Interventions for rosacea
    • - eradication of Demodex mites (1)
      • Interventions for rosacea
  • H6 Hidradenitis suppurativa and other disorders of the apocrine sweat glands (4)
    • 1. Medical treatments (3)
      • - oral antibiotics (1)
        • Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa
      • - oral isotretinoin (1)
        • Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa
      • - anti-androgen therapy (liaison with Cochrane Menstrual Disorders Group) (1)
        • Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa
    • 2. Surgical treatments (1)
      • - cryosurgery (0)
      • - excision of apocrine gland-bearing skin (1)
        • Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa
  • H7 Sweating disorders (0)
    • 1. Medical treatments (0)
      • - topical aluminium salts and antiperspirants (0)
      • - systemic beta-blockade (propranolol) (0)
      • - oral anticholinergic therapy (0)
      • - iontophoresis (0)
    • 2. Surgical treatments (0)
      • - excision of sweat glands (including axillary vault excision) (0)
      • - sympathectomy (0)
• J. DISORDERS INVOLVING THE SKIN'S BLOOD & LYMPHATIC VESSELS (0)
  • J1 Ectasias of blood vessels in the skin (dilated blood vessels) (0)
    • - laser therapy (0)
    • - injection of sclerosing agents (0)
  • J3 Cutaneous vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels in the skin) (0)
    • - systemic corticosteroids (0)
    • - dapsone (0)
    • - colchicine (0)
    • - immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs (cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide) (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)
  • J9 Oedema and lymphoedema (liaison with Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group) (0)
  • JB Blushing and flushing reactions (0)
    • Medical treatments (0)
      • - propranolol (0)
      • - antihistamines (0)
  • JD Raynaud's disease ("white finger") and related disorders (liaison with Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group and Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group) (0)
• K. DISORDERS OF THE DERMIS AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE (0)
  • K01 Cutaneous striae (stretch marks) (liaison with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (0)
  • K80 Panniculitis (inflammation of subcutaneous fat) (0)
    • - oral corticosteroids (0)
    • - antituberculous therapy (0)
• M. CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND IMMUNOBULLOUS AND RELATED; (26)
  • M0 Lupus erythematosus (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)
  • M0 Lupus erythematosus (7)
    • - photoprotection (1)
      • Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus
    • - topical and intralesional (injected) corticosteroids (2)
      • Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus
      • Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • - antimalarial therapy (1)
      • Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus
    • - thalidomide (1)
      • Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus
    • - systemic corticosteroids (2)
      • Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus
      • Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
  • M1 Systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma) (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)
    • - systemic corticosteroids (0)
    • - penicillamine (0)
    • - extracorporeal photochemotherapy (0)
  • M2 Morphoea and related conditions (4)
    • - topical treatments (1)
      • Interventions for morphea
    • - systemic treatments (1)
      • Interventions for morphea
    • - intralesional treatments (1)
      • Interventions for morphea
    • - intravenous treatments (1)
      • Interventions for morphea
  • M4 Lichen sclerosus & related conditions (4)
    • cryotherapy (1)
      • Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus
    • light therapies (1)
      • Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus
    • topical treatments (1)
      • Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus
    • ultrasound (1)
      • Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus
  • M5 Dermatomyositis (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)
    • - systemic immunosuppressive agents (0)
  • ME Immunobullous (blistering) disorders of the skin e.g bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis) (11)
    • - topical corticosteroids (1)
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
    • - systemic corticosteroids (0)
    • - immunosuppressive therapy (e.g. azathioprine, cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide) (2)
      • Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
    • - dapsone (2)
      • Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
    • - long-acting sulphonamides (0)
    • - minocycline (1)
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
    • - plasma exchange (1)
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
    • - gluten-free diet (0)
    • - combinations of the above (0)
    • - drug treatments (any) (3)
      • Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
      • Interventions for bullous pemphigoid
    • intralesional corticosteroid (1)
      • Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
• N. METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AFFECTING THE SKIN (0)
  • N4 Porphyrias affecting the skin (0)
    • - venesection (0)
    • - antimalarials (0)
• P. PSYCHOLOGICAL, PSYCHIATRIC AND RELATED DISORDERS OF THE SKIN (7)
  • P0 Pruritus and skin itching e.g. "senile pruritus", pregnancy itch, uraemic pruritus, nodular prurigo (7)
    • - emollients (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
    • - aspirin (liaison with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group for itching in pregnancy) (0)
    • - phototherapy (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
    • - opiate antagonists (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
    • - use of non-biological washing powder (0)
    • - alternative/complementary treatments (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
    • Combination treatments (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
    • Systemic interventions (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
    • Topical interventions (1)
      • Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin
  • P1 Self-inflicted skin disease including dermatitis artefacta (0)
    • - psychotherapy (0)
    • - behaviour therapy (0)
    • - antipsychotic agents (0)
  • P3 Disorders of cutaneous image and perception including delusional psychosis affecting the skin (0)
    • - pimozide (0)
    • - psychiatric therapy (0)
• R. SKIN DISEASE RESULTING FROM DRUGS OR TREATMENT --see FA2-FA3 (2)
  • Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash
  • Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
• S. GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS AFFECTING THE SKIN (5)
  • S4 Ichthyoses (inherited scaling disorders of the skin) (0)
    • - emollients (0)
    • - urea (0)
    • - systemic retinoids (0)
  • SA Epidermolysis bullosa (inherited blistering disorders of the skin) (5)
    • 1. Medical treatments (3)
      • Emerging therapies (1)
        • Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa
      • Oral treatments (1)
        • Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa
      • Topical treatments (1)
        • Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa
    • 2. Surgical treatments (1)
      • - correction of deformity (1)
        • Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa
    • 3. Nursing interventions (1)
      • Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa
• W. BIRTH MARKS AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE SKIN (15)
  • Vascular birthmarks e.g infantile haemangiomas (6)
    • corticosteroids (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • lasers (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - bleomycin (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - imiquimod (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • interferon (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • surgery (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
  • W6 Vascular malformations e.g. port-wine stains (9)
    • - bleomycin (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - imiquimod (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - interferon (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - intralesional steroids (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - laser therapy (2)
      • Lasers or light sources for treating port-wine stains
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - other forms of light therapy (0)
    • - systemic steroids (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - topical steroids (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
    • - vincristine (1)
      • Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
• X. TUMOURS AND CYSTS OF THE SKIN AND APPENDAGES (70)
  • X0, X3 Benign tumours of the skin e.g. seborrhoeic warts, benign "moles" (see also B5) (0)
    • - cryotherapy (0)
    • - surgical removal (0)
    • - laser therapy (0)
  • X1-X2 Keratinocyte cancers and precancer of the skin e.g. Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma ("rodent ulcer") (50)
    • 1. Preventive (7)
      • - primary and secondary prevention by education (0)
      • - prevention in high risk groups (1)
        • Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
      • - reduction of suspected harmful exposures to ultraviolet radiation (1)
        • Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
      • - topical and systemic retinoids (1)
        • Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
      • - antioxidants (1)
        • Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
      • - dietary modifications (1)
        • Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
      • - complementary therapies (1)
        • Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
      • prevention in the general population (1)
        • Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers
    • 2. Medical treatment (12)
      • - topical 5-fluorouracil (4)
        • Interventions for actinic keratoses
        • Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - other topicals (5)
        • Interventions for actinic keratoses
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - interferon (2)
        • Interventions for actinic keratoses
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - systemic treatments (1)
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
    • 3. Surgical treatment (18)
      • - curettage and electrocautery (4)
        • Interventions for actinic keratoses
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - surgical excision (4)
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - cryosurgery (4)
        • Interventions for actinic keratoses
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - micrographic (Mohs') surgery (3)
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - laser surgery (3)
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
    • 4. Other treatments (8)
      • - photodynamic therapy (5)
        • Interventions for actinic keratoses
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
      • - radiotherapy (3)
        • Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
        • Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
        • Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
    • Diagnostic tests (5)
      • Visual inspection and dermoscopy, alone or in combination, for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults
      • Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing basal cell carcinoma and other skin cancers in adults
      • Tests to assist in the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a generic protocol
      • Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
      • Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults
  • X4 Malignant melanoma (20)
    • 1.Preventive (2)
      • - primary and secondary prevention by education (0)
      • - screening of high risk groups (0)
      • - reduction of suspected harmful exposures to ultraviolet radiation (0)
      • - preventative agents (1)
        • Statins and fibrates for preventing melanoma
      • -screening of healthy people (1)
        • Screening for reducing morbidity and mortality in malignant melanoma
    • 2. Medical treatment (5)
      • - cytotoxic chemotherapy (2)
        • Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma
        • Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma
      • - isolated limb perfusion (0)
      • - immunotherapy (interferon) (3)
        • Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma
        • Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma
        • Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma
    • 3. Surgical treatment (4)
      • - margins of surgical excision (3)
        • Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna
        • Surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma
        • Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit
      • - regional lymph node dissection (0)
      • - sentinel node biopsy (1)
        • Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by lymph node dissection for localised primary cutaneous melanoma
    • Diagnostic tests (9)
      • Smartphone applications for triaging adults with skin lesions that are suspicious for melanoma
      • Dermoscopy, with and without visual inspection, for diagnosing melanoma in adults
      • High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
      • Visual inspection for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults
      • Ultrasound, CT, MRI, or PET-CT for staging and re-staging of adults with cutaneous melanoma
      • Tests to assist in the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a generic protocol
      • Computer-assisted diagnosis techniques (dermoscopy and spectroscopy-based) for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
      • Teledermatology for diagnosing skin cancer in adults
      • Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults
• Y BENIGN AND MALIGNANT INFILTRATIONS OF THE SKIN (4)
  • Y2 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides (4)
    • - photochemotherapy (1)
      • Interventions for mycosis fungoides
    • - topical mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) (0)
    • - topical corticosteroids (0)
    • - oral retinoids (0)
    • - interferon (0)
    • - electron beam therapy (1)
      • Interventions for mycosis fungoides
    • - radiotherapy (1)
      • Interventions for mycosis fungoides
    • - extracorporeal photochemotherapy (0)
    • - cytotoxic chemotherapy (1)
      • Interventions for mycosis fungoides