Our reviews

Viewing options

View all skin-related reviews on the Cochrane Library (select 'Skin')

Many of our reviews are summarised in Cochrane Clinical Answers: Skin disorders

Blogshots and Podcasts of our reviews

Cochrane Skin titles categorised by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) diagnostic index

Select stage:(Stage filter not available for Subtopic view)

Full list:

Anti-TNF agents for paediatric psoriasis

Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis

Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles

Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema

Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris

Computer-assisted diagnosis techniques (dermoscopy and spectroscopy-based) for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Dermoscopy, with and without visual inspection, for diagnosing melanoma in adults

Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema

Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema

Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants

Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus

Emollients and moisturisers for eczema

Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing basal cell carcinoma and other skin cancers in adults

Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash

H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria

High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria

House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema

Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings

Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis

Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma

Interventions for acne scars

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Interventions for alopecia areata

Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for bullous pemphigoid

Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites

Interventions for erythema nodosum leprosum

Interventions for female pattern hair loss

Interventions for hand eczema

Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa

Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)

Interventions for hyperhidrosis

Interventions for impetigo

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)

Interventions for ingrowing toenails

Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa

Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna

Interventions for melasma

Interventions for morphea

Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Interventions for mycosis fungoides

Interventions for nail psoriasis

Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

Interventions for pityriasis rosea

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis

Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips)

Interventions for rosacea

Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis

Interventions for toxic epidermal necrolysis

Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips)

Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy

Interventions for vitiligo

Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema

Laser and photoepilation for unwanted hair growth

Lasers or light sources for treating port-wine stains

Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

Light therapies for acne

Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety

Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad-band ultraviolet B or psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy for psoriasis

Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma

Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis

Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis

Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema

Oral fumaric acid esters for psoriasis

Oral H1 antihistamines as monotherapy for eczema

Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add-on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema

Oral isotretinoin for acne

Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis

Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot

Phototherapy for atopic eczema

Probiotics for treating eczema

Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children

Psychological and educational interventions for managing eczema

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Screening for reducing morbidity and mortality in malignant melanoma

Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by lymph node dissection for localised primary cutaneous melanoma

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy

Smartphone applications for triaging adults with skin lesions that are suspicious for melanoma

Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema

Statins and fibrates for preventing melanoma

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema

Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers

Surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma

Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit

Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children

Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome

Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews

Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma

Teledermatology for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Tests to assist in the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a generic protocol

Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails

Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp

Topical anti-inflammatory treatments for eczema: network meta-analysis

Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne

Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne

Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus

Topical pimecrolimus for eczema

Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp

Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot.

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Topical Vitamin A, or its derivatives, for treating and preventing napkin dermatitis in infants

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews

Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis

Ultrasound, CT, MRI, or PET-CT for staging and re-staging of adults with cutaneous melanoma

Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings

Visual inspection and dermoscopy, alone or in combination, for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults

Visual inspection for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

By subtopic:

A. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AFFECTING THE SKIN (54)

A0 Skin diseases caused by viruses: e.g.viral warts, herpes simplex (cold sores), herpes zoster (shingles), molluscum contagiosum; and diseases of suspected viral origin eg piytriasis rosea (26)

1. Preventive measures (1)

- reduction of transmission (1)

Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips)

2. Medical treatments (19)

systemic treatments (7)

- immunotherapy (1)

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

- high dose cimetidine (1)

Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum

- retinoids (0)

- antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir) (2)

Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips) (protocol stage)

Interventions for pityriasis rosea

- corticosteroids (1)

Interventions for pityriasis rosea

- tricyclic antidepressants (0)

-antihistamines (1)

Interventions for pityriasis rosea

-antibacterials (1)

Interventions for pityriasis rosea

phototherapies (2)

Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips) (protocol stage)

Interventions for pityriasis rosea

3. Surgical procedures (5)

- cryotherapy (freezing) (2)

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

- surgical excision (1)

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

- laser therapy (1)

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

4. Alternative/complementary treatments eg hypnosis for warts (1)

- Homeopathic (1)

Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum

A20 Skin diseases caused by bacteria: e.g. impetigo, boils, folliculitis, cellulitis (Liaison with Cochrane Wounds Group for bacterial wound infections) (14)

1. Preventive (2)

- vaccination (0)

- reduction of transmission (0)

anti-inflammatory prophylaxis (1)

Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis

antibiotic prophylaxis (1)

Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis

2. Medical treatments (10)

- topical antiseptics (2)

Interventions for impetigo

Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)

- topical antibiotics (2)

Interventions for impetigo

Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)

- systemic antibiotics (4)

Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas

Interventions for impetigo

Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults

Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)

- alternative/complementary treatments (1)

Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)

-adjuvant therapies (e.g. iv immunoglobulin) (1)

Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults

3. Surgical procedures (2)

- incision and drainage (1)

Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles)

-debridement (1)

Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults

A30-31 Leprosy and its complications (2)

Interventions for erythema nodosum leprosum

Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy

A32-35 Tuberculosis and related infections of the skin: e.g.lupus vulgaris, atypical mycobacterial infection (fish tank granuloma etc) (0)

1. Preventive (0)

- reduction of transmission (0)

2. Medical treatments (0)

- antibiotic therapy (0)

3. Surgical (0)

A5 Skin diseases caused by fungi, e.g. candidosis (thrush), dermatophytosis (ringworm) (9)

1. Preventive (0)

- reduction of transmission : e.g. for tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) (0)

2. Medical treatments (8)

- topical antifungal agents (3)

Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails

Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot.

Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis

- topical corticosteroid/antifungal preparations (1)

Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails

- oral antifungal agents (4)

Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children

Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot

Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis

Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis

- alternative/complementary treatments (0)

3. Surgical treatments (0)

3. Surgical treatments (0)

4. Device-based treatments (1)

Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails

A6 Skin diseases caused by parasites e.g. scabies, head lice, onchocerciasis (2)

Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis

Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A7 Dermatoses due to Hymenoptera (1)

immunotherapy (1)

Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings

A70 Dermatoses due to Insecta (0)

A7000 Mosquito bites (0)

protective measures (0)

B. SKIN CONDITIONS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL OR PHYSICAL INJURY (9)

B1 Pressure sores (0)

Please refer to Cochrane Wounds Group (0)

1. Preventive measures (0)

B5 Skin conditions caused or provoked by sunlight and ultraviolet radiation e.g. actinic (solar) keratoses, polymorphic light eruption, sun-induced skin ageing, photosensitivity dermatitis. Skin cancer is considered separately in sections X1 to X4. (8)

1. Preventive measures (0)

- public education campaigns (0)

2. Medical treatments (8)

- Resurfacing techniques (2)

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp (protocol stage)

Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing (protocol stage)

- topical and oral corticosteroids (0)

- betacarotene for porphyrias (0)

- 5-fluoruracil (2)

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp (protocol stage)

Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing (protocol stage)

- topical and systemic retinoids (1)

Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing (protocol stage)

- phototherapy, photochemotherapy (PUVA) (0)

- immunosuppressants (0)

- immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory agents (0)

- azathioprine or cyclosporin for photosensitivity dermatitis (0)

- antioxidants (0)

- hydroxy acids (1)

Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing (protocol stage)

- combinations of the above (0)

- natural polysaccharides (0)

- Imiquimod (2)

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp (protocol stage)

Topical treatments and skin-resurfacing techniques for skin ageing (protocol stage)

3. Surgical procedures (0)

Cosmetic problems (1)

Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles

C. DERMATITIS AND ECZEMA (53)

C1 Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, childhood eczema) (32)

1. Preventive measures (6)

- dietary (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group) (1)

Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema

- reduction in airborne allergen exposure e.g. house dust mite (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group and Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (0)

- use of emollients (moisturisers) (2)

Emollients and moisturisers for eczema

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy

- prevention of subsequent asthma in children with atopic dermatitis cetirizine (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group) (2)

Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy

- probiotics (1)

Probiotics for treating eczema

2. Medical Treatments (26)

Topical treatments (creams/ointments applied directly to the skin) (4)

- emollients (0)

- topical corticosteroids (1)

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema

- tar preparations (0)

- impregnated bandages (tar, ichthammol etc) and "wet wraps" (0)

- corticosteroid/antibiotic combinations (0)

- calcineurin inhibitors (2)

Topical pimecrolimus for eczema

Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis

-traditional chinese herbs (1)

Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema

Systemic treatments (12)

- leukotriene receptor antagonists (2)

Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

- phototherapy, photochemotherapy (2)

Phototherapy for atopic eczema

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

- azathioprine (1)

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

- cyclosporin (1)

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

- antihistamines (2)

Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add-on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema

Oral H1 antihistamines as monotherapy for eczema

- evening primrose oil and borage oil (1)

Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema

- traditional chinese herbs (1)

Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema

-immunomodulatory agents (1)

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

-oral corticosteroids (1)

Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis

Other approaches (10)

- reduction in environmental allergens (1)

House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema

- topical and systemic antimicrobial therapy (0)

- dietary approaches (2)

Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema

Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema

- psychological and educational approaches (e.g. habit reversal, hypnosis) (3)

House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema

Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children

Psychological and educational interventions for managing eczema (protocol stage)

- desensitisation (1)

Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema

- reduction of S aureus (1)

Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema

- combinations of the above (2)

House dust mite reduction and avoidance measures for treating eczema

Interventions for hand eczema

complementary & alternative medicines (0)

C2-C5 "Constitutional" Dermatitis e.g. seborrhoeic dermatitis (including dandruff, otitis externa), discoid eczema, pompholyx (14)

1. Prevention (0)

- use of soap substitutes (0)

2. Medical treatments (14)

- topical corticosteroids and combinations with other agents (3)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp

Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)

- potassium permanganate and other astringents (0)

- antifungal agents (2)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)

- topical lithium (1)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

- keratolytic shampoos (1)

Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap)

- antibiotic therapy (0)

- superficial radiotherapy (0)

- phototherapy and photochemotherapy (1)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

- combinations of the above (2)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Interventions for hand eczema

-calcineurin inhibitors (4)

- topical tacrolimus (2)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp

-topical pimecrolimus (2)

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp

C6-C8 Contact Dermatitis (allergic or irritant) e.g. nickel dermatitis, occupational hand dermatitis, "nappy rash" or "diaper rash". (6)

1. Preventive measures (4)

- modification of work practices (1)

Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis

- removal of allergens/irritants from home or work environment or from diet (nickel) (0)

- disposable nappies (1)

Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants

- protective clothing (e.g. gloves) (1)

Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis

- barrier creams (1)

Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis

- occupational health screening for individuals at high risk of dermatitis (0)

- soap substitutes (0)

2. Medical treatments (2)

Topical treatments (1)

- emollients (0)

- topical corticosteroids (0)

- corticosteroid/antibiotic combinations (0)

- superficial radiotherapy (0)

- topical vitamin A or derivatives (1)

Topical Vitamin A, or its derivatives, for treating and preventing napkin dermatitis in infants

Systemic treatments (0)

- systemic corticosteroids (0)

- azathioprine (0)

- cyclosporin (0)

- phototherapy, photochemotherapy (0)

- traditional chinese herbs (0)

- combinations of the above (1)

Interventions for hand eczema

C9-CE Other eczematous reactions e.g. venous eczema (liaison with Cochrane Wounds Group), asteatotic dermatitis (1)

1. Prevention (1)

- emollients (1)

Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings

2. Medical treatment (0)

- emollients (including bath additives) (0)

- impregnated bandages (0)

- topical corticosteroids (0)

D. PSORIASIS AND OTHER KERATINISING DISORDERS (52)

D1 Psoriasis (52)

1. Preventive measures (1)

- reduction or cessation of tobacco smoking and/or alcohol consumption (liaison with Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group) (0)

- stress reduction programmes (0)

- antistreptococcal interventions (tonsillectomy, antibiotics) (1)

Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis

2. Medical treatments (46)

Topical treatments (30)

- emollients (1)

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

- occlusion (0)

- salicylic acid (2)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

- tar preparations (2)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

- anthralin (dithranol) (3)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

- topical corticosteroids (6)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Interventions for nail psoriasis

- vitamin D analogues (3)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis

- tacrolimus (2)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

- topical retinoids (4)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis

- combinations of the above (3)

Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Balneophototherapy (1)

Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis

photochemotherapy (3)

Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad-band ultraviolet B or psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy for psoriasis

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Systemic treatments (16)

- biologics (2)

Anti-TNF agents for paediatric psoriasis

Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis

- phototherapy (3)

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis

Interventions for nail psoriasis

- photochemotherapy (1)

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

- methotrexate (1)

Non-antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis

- cyclosporin (2)

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis

- hydroxyurea (0)

- systemic retinoids (3)

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Interventions for nail psoriasis

- oral Vitamin D analogues (0)

- fumarates (1)

Oral fumaric acid esters for psoriasis

- combinations of the above (2)

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

- antibiotics (1)

Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

Serious adverse events (0)

Alternative/complementary treatments (0)

- psychological approaches (0)

- dietary fish supplements (0)

- Chinese herbs (0)

- balneotherapy including spa waters and Dead Sea therapy (0)

- laser therapy (0)

- combinations of the above (0)

Lifestyle Changes (5)

Alcohol abstinence (1)

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

Dietary modification (1)

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

Smoking cessation (1)

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

Weight reduction (1)

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

E. PAPULOSQUAMOUS DISORDERS INCLUDING LICHEN PLANUS; (4)

E0 Lichen planus (4)

- topical corticosteroids (1)

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites

- systemic corticosteroids (1)

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites

- cyclosporin (1)

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites

- photochemotherapy (1)

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites

E6 Granuloma annulare (0)

- intralesional corticosteroids (0)

- cutaneous injury including cryotherapy (0)

- nicotinamide (0)

E8 Cutaneous sarcoidosis (0)

- topical and intralesional corticosteroids (0)

- antimalarial therapy (0)

- methotrexate (liaison with Cochrane Airways Group) (0)

G. DISORDERS OF SKIN COLOUR (14)

G1 Increased skin pigmentation e.g. melasma (chloasma, mask of pregnancy) (4)

- topical sunscreens (liaison with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group for preventing melasma in pregnancy) (1)

Interventions for melasma

- azelaic acid (1)

Interventions for melasma

- topical hydroquinone (1)

Interventions for melasma

- topical retinoids (1)

Interventions for melasma

3. Complementary therapies (1)

Interventions for vitiligo

F. URTICARIA AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDERS (6)

F1-F9 Urticaria (hives) and angio-oedema (2)

- dietary measures (0)

- oral H1 antihistamines (1)

H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria

- oral H2 antihistamines (1)

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria

- systemic corticosteroids (0)

- cyclosporin (0)

- anabolic steroids (for hereditary angio-oedema) (0)

FA2-3 Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (4)

- systemic corticosteroids (2)

Interventions for toxic epidermal necrolysis

Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome

- prophylactic antiviral therapy (herpes simplex-induced erythema multiforme) (0)

- intensive care (toxic epidermal necrolysis) (2)

Interventions for toxic epidermal necrolysis

Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome

H. DISORDERS OF SKIN APPENDAGES (HAIR, NAILS, SWEAT GLANDS) (46)

H0 Nail disorders (1)

- medical treatments such as intralesional corticosteroids (1)

- surgical repair (1)

Interventions for ingrowing toenails

H10 Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) (4)

1. Non-medical treatments (3)

- electrolysis (1)

Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)

- bleaching (1)

Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)

- laser hair removal (1)

Laser and photoepilation for unwanted hair growth

2. Medical treatments (1)

- hormonal therapy ie anti-androgens such as spironolactone, cyproterone acetate (liaison with Cochrane Menstrual Disorders Group) (1)

Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone)

H12 Hair loss e.g. alopecia areata ("alopecia"), androgenic alopecia (male-pattern balding) (8)

1. Medical treatments (8)

- systemic corticosteroids (2)

Interventions for alopecia areata

Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis (protocol stage)

- topical immunotherapy (e.g. diphencyprone) (2)

Interventions for alopecia areata

Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis (protocol stage)

- hormonal therapy (anti-androgens) (1)

Interventions for female pattern hair loss

- minoxidil (3)

Interventions for alopecia areata

Treatments for alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis (protocol stage)

Interventions for female pattern hair loss

2. Surgical treatments (0)

- hair transplant (0)

- scalp reduction (0)

Topical treatments (13)

- benzoyl peroxide (2)

Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- topical retinoids (1)

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- topical antibiotics (1)

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- azelaic acid (2)

Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- adapalene (1)

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- combinations of the above (0)

-nicotinamide (2)

Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

-salicylic acid (2)

Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Oral treatments (5)

- oral antibiotics (2)

Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety

Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- oral isotretinoin (2)

Oral isotretinoin for acne

Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

- hormonal therapy such as anti-androgen therapy (liaison with Cochrane Menstrual Disorders Group) (1)

Systemic pharmacological treatments for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Alternative/complementary treatments (3)

Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris

Light therapies for acne

Topical, light-based, and complementary interventions for acne: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Behavioural treatments (0)

Treatment of acne scars (4)

- topical retinoids (0)

- surgical treatments (including dermabrasion) (1)

Interventions for acne scars

- laser therapy (1)

Interventions for acne scars

Cryotherapy (1)

Interventions for acne scars

Intralesional steroids (1)

Interventions for acne scars

- topical metronidazole (1)

Interventions for rosacea

- oral antibiotics (1)

Interventions for rosacea

- oral isotretinoin (1)

Interventions for rosacea

- eradication of Demodex mites (1)

Interventions for rosacea

H6 Hidradenitis suppurativa and other disorders of the apocrine sweat glands (4)

1. Medical treatments (3)

- oral antibiotics (1)

Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa

- oral isotretinoin (1)

Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa

- anti-androgen therapy (liaison with Cochrane Menstrual Disorders Group) (1)

Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa

2. Surgical treatments (1)

- cryosurgery (0)

- excision of apocrine gland-bearing skin (1)

Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa

H7 Sweating disorders (0)

1. Medical treatments (0)

- topical aluminium salts and antiperspirants (0)

- systemic beta-blockade (propranolol) (0)

- oral anticholinergic therapy (0)

- iontophoresis (0)

2. Surgical treatments (0)

- excision of sweat glands (including axillary vault excision) (0)

- sympathectomy (0)

J. DISORDERS INVOLVING THE SKIN'S BLOOD & LYMPHATIC VESSELS (0)

J1 Ectasias of blood vessels in the skin (dilated blood vessels) (0)

- laser therapy (0)

- injection of sclerosing agents (0)

J3 Cutaneous vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels in the skin) (0)

- systemic corticosteroids (0)

- colchicine (0)

- immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs (cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide) (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)

J9 Oedema and lymphoedema (liaison with Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group) (0)

JB Blushing and flushing reactions (0)

Medical treatments (0)

- propranolol (0)

- antihistamines (0)

JD Raynaud's disease ("white finger") and related disorders (liaison with Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group and Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group) (0)

K. DISORDERS OF THE DERMIS AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE (0)

K01 Cutaneous striae (stretch marks) (liaison with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (0)

K80 Panniculitis (inflammation of subcutaneous fat) (0)

- oral corticosteroids (0)

- antituberculous therapy (0)

M. CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND IMMUNOBULLOUS AND RELATED; (26)

M0 Lupus erythematosus (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)

M0 Lupus erythematosus (7)

- photoprotection (1)

Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus

- topical and intralesional (injected) corticosteroids (2)

Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus

Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

- antimalarial therapy (1)

Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus

- thalidomide (1)

Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus

- systemic corticosteroids (2)

Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus

Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

M1 Systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma) (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)

- systemic corticosteroids (0)

- penicillamine (0)

- extracorporeal photochemotherapy (0)

M2 Morphoea and related conditions (4)

- topical treatments (1)

Interventions for morphea

- systemic treatments (1)

Interventions for morphea

- intralesional treatments (1)

Interventions for morphea

- intravenous treatments (1)

Interventions for morphea

M4 Lichen sclerosus & related conditions (4)

cryotherapy (1)

Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus

light therapies (1)

Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus

topical treatments (1)

Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus

Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus

M5 Dermatomyositis (liaison with Cochrane Musculoskeletal Diseases Group) (0)

- systemic immunosuppressive agents (0)

ME Immunobullous (blistering) disorders of the skin e.g bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis) (11)

- topical corticosteroids (1)

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

- systemic corticosteroids (0)

- immunosuppressive therapy (e.g. azathioprine, cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide) (2)

Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

- long-acting sulphonamides (0)

- minocycline (1)

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

- plasma exchange (1)

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

- gluten-free diet (0)

- combinations of the above (0)

- drug treatments (any) (3)

Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

Interventions for bullous pemphigoid

intralesional corticosteroid (1)

Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

N. METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AFFECTING THE SKIN (0)

N4 Porphyrias affecting the skin (0)

- venesection (0)

- antimalarials (0)

P. PSYCHOLOGICAL, PSYCHIATRIC AND RELATED DISORDERS OF THE SKIN (7)

P0 Pruritus and skin itching e.g. "senile pruritus", pregnancy itch, uraemic pruritus, nodular prurigo (7)

- emollients (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

- aspirin (liaison with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group for itching in pregnancy) (0)

- phototherapy (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

- opiate antagonists (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

- use of non-biological washing powder (0)

- alternative/complementary treatments (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

Combination treatments (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

Systemic interventions (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

Topical interventions (1)

Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin

P1 Self-inflicted skin disease including dermatitis artefacta (0)

- psychotherapy (0)

- behaviour therapy (0)

- antipsychotic agents (0)

P3 Disorders of cutaneous image and perception including delusional psychosis affecting the skin (0)

- psychiatric therapy (0)

R. SKIN DISEASE RESULTING FROM DRUGS OR TREATMENT --see FA2-FA3 (2)

Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

S. GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS AFFECTING THE SKIN (5)

S4 Ichthyoses (inherited scaling disorders of the skin) (0)

- emollients (0)

- systemic retinoids (0)

SA Epidermolysis bullosa (inherited blistering disorders of the skin) (5)

1. Medical treatments (3)

Emerging therapies (1)

Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa (protocol stage)

Oral treatments (1)

Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa (protocol stage)

Topical treatments (1)

Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa (protocol stage)

2. Surgical treatments (1)

- correction of deformity (1)

Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa (protocol stage)

3. Nursing interventions (1)

Interventions for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa (protocol stage)

W. BIRTH MARKS AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE SKIN (15)

Vascular birthmarks e.g infantile haemangiomas (6)

corticosteroids (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- bleomycin (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- imiquimod (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

W6 Vascular malformations e.g. port-wine stains (9)

- bleomycin (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- imiquimod (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- interferon (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- intralesional steroids (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- laser therapy (2)

Lasers or light sources for treating port-wine stains

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- other forms of light therapy (0)

- systemic steroids (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- topical steroids (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

- vincristine (1)

Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin

X. TUMOURS AND CYSTS OF THE SKIN AND APPENDAGES (70)

X0, X3 Benign tumours of the skin e.g. seborrhoeic warts, benign "moles" (see also B5) (0)

- cryotherapy (0)

- surgical removal (0)

- laser therapy (0)

X1-X2 Keratinocyte cancers and precancer of the skin e.g. Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma ("rodent ulcer") (50)

1. Preventive (7)

- primary and secondary prevention by education (0)

- prevention in high risk groups (1)

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

- reduction of suspected harmful exposures to ultraviolet radiation (1)

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

- topical and systemic retinoids (1)

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

- antioxidants (1)

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

- dietary modifications (1)

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

- complementary therapies (1)

Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups

prevention in the general population (1)

Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers

2. Medical treatment (12)

- topical 5-fluorouracil (4)

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp (protocol stage)

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- other topicals (5)

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp (protocol stage)

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- interferon (2)

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

- systemic treatments (1)

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

3. Surgical treatment (18)

- curettage and electrocautery (4)

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- surgical excision (4)

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit (protocol stage)

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- cryosurgery (4)

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- micrographic (Mohs') surgery (3)

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- laser surgery (3)

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

4. Other treatments (8)

- photodynamic therapy (5)

Interventions for actinic keratoses

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp (protocol stage)

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

- radiotherapy (3)

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease

Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Diagnostic tests (5)

Visual inspection and dermoscopy, alone or in combination, for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults

Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing basal cell carcinoma and other skin cancers in adults

Tests to assist in the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a generic protocol (protocol stage)

Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults

X4 Malignant melanoma (20)

1.Preventive (2)

- primary and secondary prevention by education (0)

- screening of high risk groups (0)

- reduction of suspected harmful exposures to ultraviolet radiation (0)

- preventative agents (1)

Statins and fibrates for preventing melanoma

-screening of healthy people (1)

Screening for reducing morbidity and mortality in malignant melanoma

2. Medical treatment (5)

- cytotoxic chemotherapy (2)

Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma

Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma

- isolated limb perfusion (0)

- immunotherapy (interferon) (3)

Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma

Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma

Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma

3. Surgical treatment (4)

- margins of surgical excision (3)

Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna

Surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma

Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit (protocol stage)

- regional lymph node dissection (0)

- sentinel node biopsy (1)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by lymph node dissection for localised primary cutaneous melanoma

Diagnostic tests (9)

Smartphone applications for triaging adults with skin lesions that are suspicious for melanoma

Dermoscopy, with and without visual inspection, for diagnosing melanoma in adults

High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Visual inspection for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

Ultrasound, CT, MRI, or PET-CT for staging and re-staging of adults with cutaneous melanoma

Tests to assist in the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a generic protocol (protocol stage)

Computer-assisted diagnosis techniques (dermoscopy and spectroscopy-based) for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Teledermatology for diagnosing skin cancer in adults

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

Y BENIGN AND MALIGNANT INFILTRATIONS OF THE SKIN (4)

Y2 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides (4)

- photochemotherapy (1)

Interventions for mycosis fungoides

- topical mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) (0)

- topical corticosteroids (0)

- oral retinoids (0)

- interferon (0)

- electron beam therapy (1)

Interventions for mycosis fungoides

- radiotherapy (1)

Interventions for mycosis fungoides

- extracorporeal photochemotherapy (0)

- cytotoxic chemotherapy (1)

Interventions for mycosis fungoides

New and Updated (in the latest issue of the CLib):